Parathyroid Problems

Doctors believe it's rare, but it's not. The test most often used to detect it is outdated and unreliable. Low vitamin D can mask it. This page and the Vitamin D page are intended to be read together. Please see that page before reading this one. What the heck is a parathyroid Don't confuse the parathyroid gland with the thyroid. The parathyroid is often attached to the thyroid, but they have completely different functions. Everyone has four parathyroid glands.

Vertigo And Perforated Tympanic Membrane

Persistent or recurrent drainage from the ear after canal-wall-up (CWU) surgery may be related to surgical technique or patient disease. Drainage indicates the presence of chronic otitis media, but the exact cause of the chronic otitis media must be determined. Factors that may help determine the cause of recurrent aural drainage include the timing of the appearance of the drainage in relation to the original surgery the frequency of the drainage the pathology in the original surgery the status...

Hydroxyzine

GENERAL Preparations Generic and brand name Atarax and Vistaril in pills and liquid form. Class Antihistamine. Used in Anxiety. Mechanism of action Blocks postsynaptic histamine receptors. PRECAUTIONS Use extra caution if you have Asthma, low blood pressure, congestive heart failure, edema, epilepsy, glaucoma, heart disease, hyper-thyroidism, enlarged prostate or urinary retention, as hydroxazine can worsen the symptoms of these disorders. Tests needed before starting None. Alcohol Should be...

Panaeolus Mushrooms

Stories about involuntary intoxications with the dark-spread dung-inhabiting mushrooms genus Panaeolus in various regions of the world have been in circulation since at least the early 19th century. In 1816, an impoverished man collected mushrooms in London's Hyde Park which he thought to be edible white mushrooms champignons , Agaricus bisporus . Soon after ingesting these mushrooms, his field of vision darkened and he saw fog while feeling lightheaded and dizzy. Trembling, he sank into his...

Sinoatrial exit block and sinus arrest

Sinoatrial exit block occurs when there is a block between the sinoatrial node and atrial tissue. It is characterized by absence of P waves with a pause that is a multiple of the sinus or PP interval. It occurs most often in elderly patients and usually suggests a chronic problem. Other causes include myocarditis, myocardial infarction, excess vagal stimulation, atrial fibrosis, quinidine, procainamide, and digoxin. Sinus arrest occurs when there is no sinus beat and the dropped P waves are not...

Secondary Syphilis

Approximately eight weeks after the initial presentation of a chancre, a generalized infection ensues. This is a result of proliferation and systemic dissemination of T. pallidum and persists until a sufficient immune response develops. Constitutional symptoms including fever, headache, arthralgias, malaise, pharyngitis, and generalized lymphadeno-pathy are common. The dominant feature of secondary syphilis is a mucocutaneous rash, which appears in 90 of patients. While there is significant...

Wing Chun Bringing Up Flem

Phlegm is also called catarrh and is a symptom of many diseases. TCM differentiates phlegm into concrete and formless phlegm. Concrete phlegm refers to the visible, palpable and audible parenchymatous phlegm, whereas formless retention of phlegm refers to the various conditions caused by the retention of phlegm, such as dizziness, chest tightness, depression and epilepsy, characterised by a greasy coating on the tongue and a slippery pulse. It is called 'formless phlegm' because this kind of...

Antiemetic and Antivertigo Drugs

On completion of this chapter, the student will Define the terms nausea, vomiting, antiemetic, and antivertigo. Discuss the general drug actions, uses, adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions, and interactions of antiemetic and antivertigo drugs. Discuss important preadministration and ongoing assessment activities the nurse should perform on the patient receiving an antiemetic or antivertigo drug. List nursing diagnoses particular to a patient receiving an antiemetic or antivertigo...

Treatment Options for Anxiety

There are a number of things you can do to help anxiety. These other aids are generally far more helpful for you in the long run than any medication, but only if you pursue them conscientiously. Diet A proper diet can improve anxiety. It is important to eat balanced meals (with some protein and carbohydrates such as grains and vegetables) three to four times a day and avoid the ingestion of products high in sugar. The reason for this is somewhat complex but is important to understand. The body...

Cyproheptadine

GENERAL Preparations Generic and brand name Periactin in pills and liquid form. Class Antihistamine. Used in Cyproheptadine improves the ability to achieve orgasm in some people who experience sexual dysfunction induced by SSRIs. It can increase the rate of weight gain in hospitalized patients with anorexia. Mechanism of action Blocks postsynaptic histamine and serotonin receptors. PRECAUTIONS Use extra caution if you have Asthma, congestive heart failure, edema, epilepsy, glaucoma, heart...

Clinical Use Of Antihistamines

The ideal H-, receptor antagonist should provide complete and rapid relief of allergic symptoms, have a moderate duration of action, and be devoid of adverse effects. Unfortunately, this type of agent does not exist (65). In general, first- and second-generation agents have fairly comparable antihistaminic effects in relieving common allergic symptoms, but they all have poor decongestant capabilities ( 22,66,67,68,69 and 70). H antagonists have proved useful in the treatment of allergic...

Medical Case Studies

An electrical fire in the physicians' dictation room left a charred mass of burned and water-damaged medical records. Discharge charts had been stacked awaiting physician sign-off before they could be returned to Medical Records for storage. Several medical transcriptionists spent 3 days sorting through the remains to reassemble the charts, all of which were from the patients of the large otorhinolaryn-gology practice. In addition to patient identification information, the transcriptionists...

Neurontin See gabapentin

Nitroglycerin ointment nittropaste Trade names Nitro-Bid Ointment, Nitrol Ointment A vasodilator that dilates arteries and veins and is most often used to dilate the arteries in the heart in the treatment of angina. Nitroglycerin ointment is also used in people with RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON and SCLERODERMA to improve the blood supply to the tips of the fingers. Side effects Common Flushing, dizziness, and headache. nizatidine Trade name Axid A histamine type 2 receptor antagonist H2-receptor...

Risks and Complications of Endolymphatic Sac Surgery

All surgery for vertigo is marked by a certain failure rate. Approximately 10 to 35 of patients have persistent vertigo with endolymphatic sac decompression or shunting.2,6,11 Furthermore, control of hydrops exacerbations does not restore the vestibular system to normal. A certain degree of imbalance or dysequilibrium, usually mild, can be expected postoperatively. This is primarily a problem when relying on the vestibular system in the absence of visual cues (e.g., trying to balance in the...

Vestibular Nerve

Test the vestibular nerve and vestibular apparatus (the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule) by observing the movements and position of the eyes. This also assesses the function of the brain stem from the upper medulla to the midbrain. The patient with an acute unilateral vestibular lesion has vertigo and vomiting and staggers to the side of the lesion. The vertigo is spinning of the environment (object vertigo) to the opposite side. Her eyes are forced to the side of the lesion, and she...

Surgical Treatment of Menieres Disease

Surgery is indicated when medical treatment fails to relieve the acute attacks of vertigo and the frequency and severity of the vertigo is disabling. None of the surgical techniques for Meniere's disease has demonstrated any substantive benefit on hearing or tinnitus. A variety of surgical therapies are used to treat the vertigo of intractable Meniere's disease. These include, in order of increasing invasiveness, aminogly-coside perfusion, endolymphatic sac shunt or decompression, and...

Lesion Left Brachium Pontic Vomiting Nausea Vertigo

The cerebellum is located behind and below the cerebral hemispheres, overlying the brain stem. It is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, a membranous structure. The cerebellum consists of two large hemispheres and a midline structure, the vermis. Midline structures are involved in the control of motor execution, balance, and eye movements, and the lateral parts of the hemispheres are involved in motor planning. Lesions of the midline structures result in...

Problems in Temperature Regulation

The body's temperature-regulating mechanism does not always operate satisfactorily, and the consequences may be dangerous. For example, air can hold only a limited amount of water vapor, so on a hot, humid day, the air may become nearly saturated with water. At such times, the sweat glands may be activated, but the sweat cannot quickly evaporate. The skin becomes wet, but the person remains hot and uncomfortable. Body temperature may rise, a condition called hyperthermia. In addition, if the...

Blood Vacuity Xue Xu

Blood vacuity is an important syndrome in Chinese pathophysiology and is very commonly found in practice. Blood vacuity is often at the root of many gynecological disorders. Men have more qi in their blood and thus tend to suffer more from qi problems. General Pale skin, pale lips, sensation of dizziness inside head, dull complexion, numbness, fatigue, dry hair and skin. Liver blood vacu- Blurred vision, sleep disorders, ity gan xue xu dry and brittle nails, muscle weakness, muscle cramps,...

Why People Use Drugs

Drugs are fascinating because they can change our awareness. The basic reason people take drugs is to vary their conscious experience. Of course there are many other ways to alter consciousness, such as listening to music, making music, dancing, fasting, chanting, exercising, surfing, meditating, falling in love, hiking in the wilderness if you live in a city , visiting a city if you live in the wilderness , having sex, daydreaming, watching fireworks, going to a movie or play, jumping into...

Manual Strangulation

Manual strangulation is produced by pressure of the hand, forearm, or other limb against the neck, compressing the internal structures of the neck. The mechanism of death is occlusion of the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain i.e., the carotid arteries. Occlusion of the airway probably plays a minor role, if any, in causing death. Virtually, all cases of manual strangulation are homicide. In the authors' experience, it is the second most common method of homicidal asphyxia. In a study...

Sudden onset of SVT

P Waves Frequently buried in preceding T waves and difficult to see PR Interval Usually not possible to measure QRS Normal 0.06-0.10 sec but may be wide if abnormally conducted through ventricles y Clinical Tip The patient may feel palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness, or anxiety. AV node conducts impulses to the ventricles at a 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, or greater ratio rarely 1 1 . Degree of AV block may be consistent or variable. in, 4UM. ttiiiiutiiii'i-1 t, --ii'iind Rate Atrial 250-350 bpm...

The Vestibulocerebellar Module

The vestibulocerebellum archicerebel-lum is phylogenetically the oldest cere-bellar module. The flocculonodular and adjacent vermian cerebellar cortex receive information about the orientation of the head and body in space from the vestibular ganglion, and receive other inputs from the contralateral accessory olivary nuclei see p. 12 . The vestib-ulocerebellum also receives inputs concerning eye movements from the basal pons. The vestibulocerebellum sends cere-bellar corticovestibular efferents...

Insulin Resistance And Vertigo

A physician came into the clinical laboratory during the evening shift requesting to review the peripheral smear on one of his patients. This particular 40-year-old patient had been particularly confusing for him because she came into the clinic with a CBC that indicated IDA, with MCV of 76 fL, Hgb 11.3 g dL, Hct 34 , and RBC 5.8 X 1012 L. She had complaints of fatigue and lethargy. The physician had put her on a trial therapy with iron supplementation, but 3 weeks later her laboratory results...

Vestibular Neuronitis

Vestibular neuronitis is characterized by a sudden onset of severe vertigo without any auditory symptoms. Often following a viral infection, it is thought to be due to a unilateral postviral neuropathy of the vestibular division of cranial nerve VIII. There is some ambiguity in the literature regarding the terminology for this syndrome. It overlaps with acute viral labyrinthitis, toxic labyrinthitis, and epidemic labyrinthitis. These ailments generally behave the same way, but the cause may...

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

By far the largest number of patients with true vertigo suffer from benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It was first described many years ago by Dix and Hallpike, but Dr. John Epley has re-investigated it more recently. He has developed a reliable curative procedure that can be done in the office. It has been found, with proven anatomic evidence, that the vertigo of these patients is due to otolithic debris (now termed canaliths) in the long limb of the posterior semicircular canal....

Motion Sickness

Motion sickness is an abnormal response of an individual to the stimulus of prolonged motion. Usually it occurs in boats, automobiles, or airplanes. Those affected are prone to become dizzy, diaphoretic, and nauseated after an extended period of travel. Oddly, their dizziness is seldom actual vertigo, but more often a sense of imbalance and lightheadedness. These patients may show positional nystagmus on ENG testing and hip sway on posturography, even when symptoms are not present. Preventative...

TABLE 152 Vertiginous Syndromes with Lesions of Different Parts of the Vestibular System

Labyrinthine, unilateral trauma, Meniere disease, vestibular neuronitis, labyrinthitis, benign positional Labyrinthine, bilateral aminoglycoside toxicity idiopathic vestibulopathy Vestibular nerve and ganglia vestibular neuropathy, herpes zoster Ipsilateral past pointing and lateral propulsion to side of lesion Slightly wide base and tottering to both sides Auditory eighth, seventh, and sometimes other cranial nerve abnormalities Ipsilateral past pointing and lateral propulsion to side of...

Coca Leaves For Vertigo

Coca plants are the only natural source of the alkaloid cocaine and related compounds. For several thousand years, the leaves of the coca plant have been used by South American Indians as a mild stimulant, a remedy for medical problems, and for ritualistic or religious purposes. Coca chewing reduces hunger and increases endurance. It also eases the nausea, dizziness, and headaches associated with altitude sickness and relieves the symptoms of various stomach ailments. From pre-Columbian times...

The Baroreceptor Loop

The baroreceptor loop is a global feedback control mechanism using the nervous system to adjust the heart rate, the venous resistance, and thereby the venous pressure in order to maintain the arterial pressure at a given level, with the ultimate goal of regulating the cardiac output. The need to regulate cardiac output is apparent. During exercise, when the demand for oxygen goes up, cardiac output normally rises at a linear rate, with slope about 5 since 5 liters of blood are required to...

Genomic Information on Hap Map Cell Lines

The most apparent genetic difference between individuals is variation in their DNA sequence. This includes insertions and deletions, as well as repetitive elements of variable copy number whose span may range from a few bases to many kilobases. Perhaps most importantly, there are about 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. The CEPH pedigrees have served as a reference panel for the construction of human genetic maps thus information has accumulated in these families on thousands of...

Renal stones and oligohydrosis

A striking difference that has been noted between Japanese studies and the US and European studies is the occurrence of renal stones. In pre-approval studies in Japan, only two patients 0.2 developed urinary stones, compared with a rate of 2.6 in the early studies in the USA and Europe. Table 3.27 Adverse events of zonisamide in double-blind placebo-controlled studies pooled data events occurred in more than 5 of patients. Table 3.27 Adverse events of zonisamide in double-blind...

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy LHON is a maternally inherited disorder that causes acute or subacute loss of bilateral central vision. The onset is usually asymmetrical, but the interval between involvement of the two eyes is usually less than a few months. Monocular involvement is extremely rare. Men are affected much more frequently than women and the age at onset is usually lower in males than in females. The male preponderance ranges from 80 to 90 in most white pedigrees to approximately...

Brain Stem Dysfunction In Disease

Most people are used to the idea that dysfunction of one cerebral hemisphere can lead to paralysis of the other side of the body. This may occur, for example, with ischemia of brain tissue supplied by the internal carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery. Sudden impairment of the blood supply is also a common cause of brain stem dysfunction, but in this case it is the vertebrobasilar system of arteries that is at fault. Other disease processes infection, neoplasm, and inflammation may also...

Posterior Fossa Anomalies

The development of the brain stem and cerebellum has been extensively investigated at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels.y The cerebellum is entirely derived from the rhombic lip, a dorsal ridge of the developing neural tube located at the junction between the midbrain and hindbrain rhombencephalon . Proliferation and migration at the rhombic lip results in caudal growth of the cerebellar anlagen, with the cerebellum forming the roof of the fourth...

Adverse Effects Of Oral Anticoagulants

The major side effect of oral anticoagulant therapy is bleeding.70,87,88 A number of risk factors have been identified that predispose to bleeding on oral anticoagulants.88,89,90 The most important factor influencing bleeding risk is the intensity of the INR.87-90 Other factors include a history of bleeding, previous history of stroke or myocardial infarction, hypertension, renal failure, diabetes, and a decreased he- matocrit.89 Efforts have been made to quantify the bleeding risk according to...

Mnieres Disease

It may surprise you that we discuss this topic under auditory disorders, because the vertigo of Meniere's disease is the most notable symptom to the majority of clinicians. Actually, in the earlier stages, most of the patho logic process occurs only in the cochlea. This ailment is characterized by four classic symptoms hearing loss, tinnitus, ear fullness, and vertigo. These symptoms are produced by endolymphatic hydrops, another name for the disorder, which is pathologically descriptive. To...

Examples of illegal drugs

The types of drugs analyzed by forensic chemists vary depending on location and many other factors. In the United States the most abused illegal drug is marijuana. Other commonly abused drugs include cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. The prescription drug Oxycontin (containing oxycodone) is becoming a significant problem as are drugs that fall into the date rape and club drug categories. As laws and society change, so do drug abuse patterns. Marijuana is a plant that has been used as a...

Yang Repletion Excess Conditions

Yang repletion displays different levels of intensity and is a commonly found pattern of disharmony in medical practice. It is important to differentiate real yang repletion from pseudo-yang repletion or empty heat. Real yang repletion is a short-term surplus of yang. Pseudo-yang repletion is the appearance of yang repletion symptoms caused by the absence of yin, which can lead to an increased appearance of yang character. Draining yang can initially alleviate both patterns. If the cause is...

Kidney Yin Vacuity Shen Yin Xu

Kidney yin vacuity, as a deep disturbance of the kidney network, is associated with essence vacuity jing vacuity , since essence is part of the kidney yin. Kidney yin vacuity causes fluid deficiency. Effulgent yin vacuity fire yin xu huo wang, or internally developed heat can form in the body, which further depletes yin fluids symptoms include agitation, redness of the cheeks, dry mouth, and sore throat . One important symptom of yin vacuity with vacuity heat is night sweating, also known in...

Liver Yin Vacuity and Blood Vacuity

Hypertension, dizziness mild, but persistent , tinnitus, numbness in extremities, heat sensation on palms and soles of feet, insomnia, blurred vision, dry eyes, amenorrhea, scant menstruation, muscle weakness, dry, brittle nails. Tongue Reddish light yellowish fur Pulse Fast, thin Often appears in people of advanced age in combination with kidney yin vacuity, too little sleep at night, overwork, strong emotional burden, inappropriate diet e.g., excess alcohol, overly acrid foods . Thermally hot...

Hydralazine Hydrochloride

Indications moderate to severe hypertension (adjunct) heart failure (with long-acting nitrate, but see section 2.5.5) hypertensive emergencies (including during pregnancy) (see section 2.5) Cautions coronary artery disease (may provoke angina, avoid after myocardial infarction until stabilised), cerebrovascular disease occasionally blood pressure reduction too rapid even with low parenteral doses manufacturer advises test for antinuclear factor and for proteinuria every 6 months and check acet-...

Clinical Features Xoq

Acute and Indeterminate Phases of Chagas' Disease The first sign of acute T. cruzi infection can be a chagoma, which is an indurated and erythema-tous inflammatory lesion at the site where the parasite entered a week or two earlier (Rassi, 1979). If the parasite enters through a conjunctiva, the patient may develop unilateral and painless periorbital edema, which is called the Romana sign (Figure 14b.5). Spread of the parasites from the site of initial multiplication may be accompanied by fever...

Effects of Atropine in Relation to Dose

0.5 mg Slight cardiac slowing some dryness of mouth inhibition of sweating 1 mg Definite dryness of mouth thirst acceleration of heart, sometimes preceded 2 mg Rapid heart rate palpitation marked dryness of mouth dilated pupils some 5 mg All the above symptoms marked difficulty in speaking and swallowing restlessness and fatigue headache dry, hot skin difficulty in micturition reduced intestinal peristalsis 10 mg and more Above symptoms more marked pulse rapid and weak iris practically...

F066 Organic emotionally labile [asthenic disorder

A disorder characterized by emotional incontinence or lability, fatigability, and a variety of unpleasant physical sensations e.g. dizziness and pains, but arising as a consequence of an organic disorder. Excludes somatoform disorders, nonorganic or unspecified F45.- F06.7 Mild cognitive disorder A disorder characterized by impairment of memory, learning difficulties, and reduced ability to concentrate on a task for more than brief periods. There is often a marked feeling of mental fatigue when...

Review Questions Wha

A 55-year-old overweight man was brought to the emergency room unconscious after he had collapsed while loading a truck. After he regained consciousness, an exam revealed a paresis of both right limbs with a Babinski sign on the right. The patient's tongue deviated to the left upon protrusion, and he had no vibratory sense on the right side of the body. These finds suggest (A) a lesion to the medial part of the medulla (B) a lesion to the medial part of the pons (C) an infarct of the basilar...

Trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is commonly used as a degreasing solvent in industrial settings. The neuro-toxic effects of TCE are associated with exposure to the parent molecule and to its environmental degradation product, dichloroacetylene (DCA). Because DCA is derived from TCE, individuals working with TCE or encountering it in nonoccupational settings are at risk for the neurotoxic effects of both chemicals. Acute exposure to TCE induces narcosis characterized by subtle behavioral changes and...

Resorcinol as a Keratolytic Agent in Hidradenitis Suppurativa

In the Netherlands, we have been gathering experience with the use of topical resorcinol for the treatment of HS since the 1970s 16 . Since 2000, two case series have been published about this topic, see Table 21.1 12, 13 . Resorcinol BP, USP C6H4 OH 2,1,3-dihy-droxybenzene is a phenol derivative, used in Table 21.1. Long-term response of HS to topical resorcinol. Outcome variables for pain and disease activity as felt by the patients as well as judged by the physician. Outcome in longest...

Androctonus Australis

Common Name(s) Black Tip Fattail Scorpion, Yellow Desert Scorpion, Yellow Fat Tailed Scorpion Dosage .oiioz(32omg) DC 23 Onset 1D6 Minutes Duration 6D4+5 Hours Symptoms Blindness (Venom Spray), Convulsions Seizures, Dizziness, Fever, Nausea Vomiting, Numbness, Minor Swelling (Sting), Severe Localized Pain(Sting), Weakness Damage Mild Cardiac Failure 4D30+20, 1D4 Per Sting Save Save Vs Mild Cardiac Failure (Reduces Damage by 50 ), Reduce Duration By 45 1 4 Pairs Of Legs 2 2 Pincers (Pedipalps) 3...

Autoerotic Deaths

Paraphilia refers to a nonpsychotic mental disorder in which an unusual act or imagery is necessary for sexual gratification 224,225 . An autoerotic fatality occurs when the act created by the deceased for the purpose of sexual gratification directly Fig. 42. Apparent sudden infant death syndrome. Jaws in rigor. Attempts to intubate led to lip lacerations arrows . Fig. 42. Apparent sudden infant death syndrome. Jaws in rigor. Attempts to intubate led to lip lacerations arrows . causes death...

Giant Cell Temporal Arteritis

The criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis Fig. 7.4 include at least three of the following 1 age at disease onset gt 50 years, 2 new onset of headache, 3 claudication of jaw or tongue, 4 tenderness of the temporal artery on palpation or decreased pulsation, 5 erythrocyte sedimentation ratio gt 50 mm h and Primary angitis of central nervous system proven by biopsy in a 60-year-old woman with dizziness and speech difficulties. a T2-weighted...

Wilson's Syndrome

Is Your Body Temperature Below 98.2 f If your body temperature is routinely below 98.2 f, you may have a thyroid problem and you should be tested for the common thyroid problems using the TSH test, but if your body temperature is low and the test is normal, you may have Wilson's Syndrome. The most important thyroid hormone is T3, but it varies considerably depending on the person and time of day, so it cannot be accurately measured directly. The most common thyroid test is the TSH test.

Exercise Like Provocative Maneuver In Eeg For Epilepsy

Normal or background slowing unrelated to the movements Normal slow or epileptiform but unrelated to the movements Slow or epileptiform. Spikes can occasionally be linked to the movement. Normal or hypodense areas in the corpus striatum or subthalamic region Often normal. Acute occasionally evidence of cerebral edema. Chronic occasional evidence of diffuse atrophy. Haloperodol, clonidine, or other antipychotics such as respiridone Antiepileptics, especially clonazepam, zonisamide are...

Treatment of Ototoxicity

Because most cochleotoxicity is caused by damage to hair cells, and because once dead, hair cells do not regenerate in humans, treatment of completed ototox-icity, whether it be cochlear or vestibular, is limited to substitution of other inputs, procedures that recalibrate remaining function, and behavioral adaptations. For cochleotoxicity, the approach is largely amplification. Hearing aids and related devices assistive devices such as telephone amplifiers can be helpful in those whose hearing...

Medications to Decrease Bladder Contractility

Acetycholine induces the postganglionic parasympathetic muscarinic receptor sites of the bladder smooth muscle. Therefore, anticholinergic agents have been used to depress bladder contractions. There are five genes that code for muscarinic receptors, represented by ml-m5 (50). M1-M4 represent the protein products of these genes (51,52). M2 receptors are the most prevalent type of receptor in the bladder, whereas M3 receptors are believed to be most responsible for the contractile response...

Image Schemas

Why do people talk in the ways they do about abstract ideas and events Cognitive linguists have long argued that many of our concepts, including abstract ones, are grounded in, and structured by, various patterns of our perceptual interactions, bodily actions, and manipulation of objects Johnson, 1987 Lakoff, 1987 Lakoff amp Johnson, 1999 Talmy, 1988 . Specific patterns of force dynamics underlie our embodied understanding of abstract concepts Talmy, 1988 . Forces are viewed as physical,...

Biotic Interactions and Toxicity of L temulentum 41 Symptoms of Darnel Poisoning

Throughout history, darnel has been known, and sometimes feared, for its psycho-toxic properties. The chemical basis of darnel's potency has been the subject of intensive study, but pinning down the exact nature of the toxic principle and its mode of action in humans has been difficult. Rizk and Hussiney 1991 describe the symptoms of darnel poisoning as 'dizziness, headache, mental confusion with a sense of apprehension and difficulty in thinking, visual and speech difficulties even loss of...

Physical Wisdom

SOUL AFFECTS THE MIND. Creative action is like this we can grow either through the meditative way or the physical way. The meditative way will be very polite. It takes a long time and it needs a lot of discipline and endurance. The physical way is here and now, immediate and effective. If you are a beginning student of Kundalini Yoga, practicing for less than six months, or if you have been practicing without the aid of a certified 3HO Foundation teacher, please read this...

The Occult Sciences Astrology And Alchemy

Scientists and scholars once looked at the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as the period in which ''rationalism'' began to replace magical and even religious thinking, or at least push occultism to the periphery. Since the 1970s, many historians have labored mightily to find evidence that the great figures once regarded as founders of a rational, experimental, scientific method were actually more interested in astrology, alchemy, and other forms of mysticism and occult phenomena.

Cephalosporins

See also the following individual entries Loracarbef General Statement Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics classified as first-, second-, and third-generation drugs. The difference among generations is based on pharmacokinetics and antibacterial spectra. Generally, third-generation cephalosporins have more activity against gram-negative organisms and resistant organisms and less activity against gram-positive organisms than first-generation drugs. Third-generation cephalosporins are...

Accessory Organs Hepatitis

In the United States and other industrialized countries, hepatitis is most often caused by viral infection. More than six types of hepatitis virus have now been identified. The most common is hepatitis A virus HAV , which is spread by fecal-oral contamination, often by food handlers, and in crowded, unsanitary conditions. It may also be acquired by eating contaminated food, especially seafood. Hepatitis B virus HBV is spread by blood and other body fluids. It may be transmitted sexually, by...

Vertebrobasilar Stroke Syndromes

The circumferential vessels perfuse the lateral brain stem, and the perforant vessels directly from the large basilar or vertebral arteries perfuse the midline structures. While obstruction of the circumferential arteries gives rise to standard syndromes, there is great variability in the perforant vessels, and therefore several syndromes are described. As a rule, midline syndromes affect the pyramidal system, consciousness, and midline cranial nerves extraocular muscles , whereas lateral...

Vertigo With Cochlear Implant

Tissue seal at cochleostomy. In this 74-year-old man who had undergone implantation of the right ear 12 years before death, the cochlear implant (CIT) can be seen entering the cochlea near the round window. There is a tissue seal at the cochleostomy including both fibrous tissue (F) and new bone (NB). Fig. 16. Tissue seal at cochleostomy. In this 74-year-old man who had undergone implantation of the right ear 12 years before death, the cochlear implant (CIT) can be seen entering the...

Tympanic Membrane Pathology

Congenital cholesteatoma seen as a white retrotympanic mass causing bulging of the posterior guadrants of the tympanic membrane. Neither drum perforation nor bony erosion are detected. Figure 9.2 Right ear. A small whitish retrotympanic mass is clearly seen. The mass lies posterior to the malleus type A2 . By definition, a cholesteatoma is considered congenital when the tympanic membrane is intact and there is no history of otorrhea or previous ear operations including...

Whether the Cues are External or Internal

External cues (triggers, stimuli, evoking situations) for phobias may be animals, public places, strangers, sight of blood, etc. There are often internal (interoceptive) cues too. Specific phobics may say the animal they fear is disgusting or threatening in a way most people do not recognize.

Pathological Nystagmus

Gaze-evoked nystagmus occurs only in certain direction s of gaze. The main causes are drug intoxication and brain stem or cerebellar disturbances. A slower and coarser gaze-paretic nystagmus may be seen in association with su-pranuclear or peripheral gaze palsy, beating in the direction of the paretic gaze. Peripheral palsy of an eye muscle may cause unilateral nystagmus of the affected eye. Spontaneous nystagmus is that which occurs when the eyes are in the primary position it is usually...

Systemic Treatment

Oral antibiotics are indicated for several groups of patients with inflammatory acne table 3 33, 38 . They include tetracyclines tetracyclines, doxycycline, minocy-cline , erythromycin, clindamycin, and cotrimoxazole table 4 . These agents improve inflammatory acne by inhibiting the growth of P. acnes tetracyclines and erythromy-cin have additional anti-inflammatory properties. Tetracyclines of the first generation tetracycline, oxy-tetracycline and tetracycline chloride are the most commonly...

Sexual Impotence

Sexual impotence refers to a man's penis not erecting or erecting without enough hardness. It is usually caused by disturbance of the controlling function of the penis erection in the cerebral cortex or spinal central nervous system. Neurasthenia, chronic backaches and excessive sex life can also cause the disease. The patient's penis wilts or erects without enough hardness, accompanied with dizziness, vexation, uneasiness, disturbed sleep, pain in the back and knees. Practise 2 to 3 times a...

Tympanomastoid Operation

This procedure is for cholesteatoma involving the middle ear and mastoid usually these cholesteato-mas are more diffuse and extensive and may require a two-stage operation. The initial steps are making canal incisions Fig. 14-3 , elevating the vascular strip, turning the ear forward, removing and dehydrating the temporalis fascia, removing canal skin, enlarging the ear canal by removing the overhanging bone anteriorly and inferiorly, and ensuring that the remnant is de-epithelialized....

What Is Lfs In Nursing

The nurse reports to the primary care provider a pulse rate of 140 bpm, persistent elevation of pulse rate, irregular pulse, or increase in respiratory rate of more than 20 min. The nurse assesses the respiratory status for symptoms of pulmonary edema eg, dyspnea, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, rales, and frothy sputum . If these reactions occur, the end result could mean pulmonary edema. The primary health care provider may decrease the dosage or discontinue the drug. The primary...

Breynia officinalis

Breynia officinalis (Chi R Yun) contains the saponin breynin, and terpenic and phenolic glycosides (1). Its Chinese name, Chi R Yun, means dizziness or vertigo for 7 days. It has been used to treat venereal diseases, contusions, heart failure, growth retardation, and Table 1 The genera of Euphorbiaceae Acalypha (copperleaf) Adelia (wild lime) Alchornea (alchornea) Alchorneopsis (alchorneopsis) Aleurites (aleurites) Antidesma (china laurel) Argythamnia (silverbush) Bernardia (myrtle croton)...

Possible explanations of MHC disease association

Although most diseases associated with HLA are autoimmune or inflammatory in nature, HLA antigens may also influence the progress of disease caused by certain infectious organisms. In addition to autoimmune disorders, such as 1DDM and multiple sclerosis (MS), diseases shown to have an HLA association include several cancers such as cervical carcinoma (CC), Hodgkin's disease (HD), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). These cancers all have a viral association CC and the precancerous cervical...

Carotid or Vertebrobasilar Territory

Typical carotid territory symptoms (anterior and middle cerebral arteries) include hemi-sensory motor symptoms, amaurosis fugax, and evidence of higher cortical dysfunction. Homonymous hemianopia alone is not a feature of injury to the carotid territory. Classical vertebrobasilar symptoms comprise bilateral motor sensory symptoms, bilateral visual loss, homonymous hemianopia, dysarthria, nystagmus, ataxia and gait problems, dysphagia and dizziness, and vertigo, provided they accompany other...

Central Processing of Vestibular Signals

The coplanar pairing of canals is associated with a push-pull change in the quantity of SCC output. With rotation in the plane of a coplanar SCC pair, the neural firing increases from tonic resting discharge in one vestibular nerve and decreases on the opposite site. For the lateral canals, displacement of the cupula towards the ampulla (ampullopetal flow) is excitatory, whereas for the vertical canals, displacement of the cupula away from the ampulla (ampullofugal flow) is excitatory (fig. 3)....

Clinical knowledge Utu

Not only are the internal carotid arteries or major in-tracranial vessels affected by atherosclerosis, but also the common carotid arteries, the innominate artery and the subclavian arteries. Vasoocclusive disease of the upper extremities is much less common than in the lower extremities. Usually, lesions are atherosclerotic, whereas non-atherosclerotic changes like Takayasu's arteritis, connective-tissue disorders or collagen abnormalities, fibromuscular dysplasia and radiation-induced...

The Manipulations of Qigong Point Massage

When the mind is calmed, the three inhalation and exhalation and three times opening and closing are performed see Chapter Four . In both cases, exhalation should be done first. Then press the middle finger of the left hand on Yintang and put the middle finger of the right hand on the nail of the left middle finger. Turn the finger leftward nine times and then rightward nine times. Then perform point respiration three times. Fig.l 11 Put both palms on the head with the...

The Chronic Candidiasis Syndrome

Introduction The Chronic Candida Syndrome also known as the Candida Related Complex (CRC) is the result of intestinal Candida proliferation. It has recently sparked much attention as being a cause or a factor in various health problems. Candida is a fungus of the yeast category. Although pathogenic strains of Candida share simialar characteristics with food yeasts, food yeasts do not carry the same pathogenicity and ability to strongly adhere to and colonize mucous membranes (Saltarelli).

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome One Man's Recovery

I am a forty-two year-old male who has suffered from a number of unusual health problems through most of my life. This is despite the fact that I watch my diet and exercise regularly. I work out at least four times a week. I now know that I was suffering from several interrelated problems including Candida Related Complex, numerous food and other allergies, and a sensitivity to aspartame (NutraSweet). I also had adrenal and thyroid problems.

Candida Blood Testing

Many mainstream doctors contend that Candida overgrowth rarely occurs in people who are not HIV positive, have leukemia are not otherwise severely immune-suppressed. There are blood tests backed by peer-reviewed research which can detect Candida overgrowth. I tested positive on these tests. I do not have HIV, leukemia or any other immune suppressing condition. I am not on my death-bed. I have corresponded with other individuals that have also tested positive and are not immune suppressed.

The Medical Establishment, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Candida Related Complex

Candida overgrowth is a very controversial subject among mainstreams doctors. It is widely accepted that Candida overgrowth or mucocutaneous candidosis is quite common among those with AIDS, leukemia or other immune suppressing conditions. In immune competent individuals most mainstream doctors either deny that the condition exists, or they contend it is very rare and almost always life-threatening.

Description of Candida Related Complex

For a more complete description of the condition, see The Yeast Connection Handbook and the The Yeast Connection and the Woman by Dr. William Crook. Candida Albicans is a yeast and a fungus. It exists in small amounts in everyone's intestinal tract. It is responsible for yeast infections in women, most cases of jock itch, and athlete's foot. It is responsible for the white coating on your tongue. It can cause prostate problems, which can in turn lead to sexual and urinary dysfunction.

Haloperidol

GENERAL Preparations Generic in pills. Brand name Haldol in liquid and long-acting injectable concentrate. Class Standard antipsychotic. Used in Bipolar disorder, developmental disorders, psychotic disorders (Alzheimer's disease, severe anxiety, severe ADHD). Mechanism of action Blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors. PRECAUTIONS Warnings All antipsychotics can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but severe and potentially fatal reaction consisting of fever, muscle rigidity, mental...

Atropine and other anticholinergic spasmolytics

Atropine, a belladonna-alkaloid, is a classic parasympatholytic, which inhibits the action of acetylcholine by competitively blocking muscarine rcccptors. With local application (in the eye), systemic availability is negligible when applied properly. I-Atropinc is the biologically active enantiomer, and is sometimes encountered under the name hyoscyamine. Atropine reaches concentrations in the fetus equivalent to those in the mother within a few minutes. Although atropine may alter fetal heart...

Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange

Starling pointed out over a century ago that under normal conditions, a state of near-equilibrium exists at the capillary membrane. That is, the amount of fluid filtering outward from the arterial ends of capillaries equals almost exactly the fluid returned to the circulation by absorption. The slight disequilibrium that does occur accounts for the small amount of fluid that is eventually returned by way of the lymphatics. The following chart shows the principles of the Starling...

Class IV Antidysrhythmic Agents

By blocking the calcium-dependent slow channel response, calcium channel blockers slow myocardial conduction velocity, relax vascular smooth muscle, and depress cardiac contractility. They are indicated for the treatment of cardiac dysrrhythmias, hypertension, Prinzmetal angina, migraine headache, and recent subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH . The use of calcium channel blockers CCBs in Ami is controversial. Some studies suggest an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, particularly in the...

Ecological Demography And The Demographic Processes

A principal theme in the human ecological literature since the publication of Hawley's Human Ecology (1950) is the relationship between changes in ecological and sustenance organization and the demographic processes. This owes to the already mentioned tenet of human ecology that populations redistribute themselves through fertility, mortality, and migration to maintain an equilibrium between size and opportunities for living.

The molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance

High salt stress leads to Na+ toxicity as well as hyperosmotic and oxidative stresses, inhibiting the growth and development of plants. Under high saline conditions, plant cells can reestablish ion homeostasis by extruding toxic sodium out of cells or compartmentalizing sodium into vacuoles. Genetic studies using a root-bending assay in Arabidopsis have identified three important salt overly sensitive (SOS) genes, named SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3, which constitute the main salt tolerance pathway in...

Valinova 10 Diazepam

Valistal Drug containing more than one substance whereof one under international control Amfetamine sulfate. Valitone Barbital. Valitran Diazepam. Valium Diazepam. Valium 10 Diazepam. Valium 2 Diazepam. Valium 5 Diazepam. Valium CR Diazepam. Valium retard Diazepam. Vallar Swedish colloquial term for Valium. Valley Colloquial term for the elbow-joint where the veins are good for injection. Valley dolls Colloquial term for LSD. Vallmohalm Concentrate of poppy straw. Valmid Ethinamate. Valmidate...

Hydromorphoni hydrochloridum Hy

Hydromorphonium chloratum Hydro-morphone hydrochloride. Hydromorphonum hydrochloricum Hy- dromorphone hydrochloride. Hydrooxazin Phenmetrazine hydrochloride. Hydrooxicodeinona Oxycodone. Hydropantopon Opium, mixed aklaloids of. Hydropavone Opium, mixed alkaloids of. Hydropethidine Hydroxypethidine. Hydrophonic Colloquial term for hydro-phonically grown marijuana. Hydroponics Colloquial term for indoor growing method of cannabis using liquid nutrients with no soil....

Chlorcyclizine Hci 25 Mg

Dosage forms Tablets HCl 25 and 50 mgHC1 and injection lactate Usual adult dose 1 tablet every 4 to 6 hours for adults and children 12 years of age and older M tablet every 6 to 8 hours, not to exceed 1 4 tablets in 24 hours for children from 6 to 12 years of age Chlorcyclizine Hydrochloride. Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride, monohydrochioride, is a light-sensitive, white crystalline powder that is soluble in water 1 2 , in alcohol 1 11 , and in chloroform 1 4 . A 1 solution has a pH between 4.8...

Antihistamines and Sleep Aids

Antihistamines, used to treat allergies, can cause some side effects, like drowsiness, dizziness, nervousness, mild euphoria, and tremors, even when used medicinally at suggested doses. Abusers who take many times the recommended amount experience more intense side effects. Along with the enhanced euphoria they are looking for, the other side effects are also increased. Additionally, muscle spasms, irregular heartbeat, faintness, and convulsions can also occur with extremely high levels of...